Developing a Pedestrian Route Network Service (PRNS)

Route network service is becoming increasingly popular. However, although there are significant amount of route network services there are still limitations especially to pedestrian network services. Pedestrians daily make decision about their navigation choices. Developing a pedestrian route network service (PRNS) involves several factors. During this study the analysis of several routing network services have demonstrated that the geographical data is one of the most important factors in order to develop an own PRNS. Considering the idea of estimation two different datasets for the PRNS were evaluated OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Swedish national road database (NVDB). The use of the OSM dataset for developing the PRNS was made after the comparison between both the dataset. OSM has shown more advantages in terms of completeness of route for pedestrian navigation than NVDB. The OSM dataset was created and stored in the PostGIS database. The implementation of own pedestrian network service is intended to facilitate the developments of new PRNS and analysis and comparison of others existing PRNS. The calculation and collection of the routes to be displayed for the user are performed by extended tools within PostGIS such as pgRouting and PostgreSQL respectively. The dataset’s network topology is related to the distance and determination of route choice by the pedestrian. Thus, Geographical Information System (GIS) is also one fundamental factor used in this study to evaluate and create results. The application was implemented in the city of Lund. One of the limitations developing the PRNS is the lack of documentation for new functions which are released by pgRouting developers. Although OSM provides an essential network for developing the PRNS, some closed residential areas, parks, and open areas are not include on the network limiting the PRNS application. In conclusion the PRNS is a useful application in order to assist pedestrians on their wayfinding in the city of Lund. It is also intended to help further development of new PRNS such as mobile PRNS applications. However, the PRNS must be improved and the dataset network requires updating and expansion for successful operations of the PRNS applications.Navigeringstjänster blir allt mer populära, men även om det finns en betydande mängd tjänster, finns det fortfarande begränsningar, speciellt för fotgängare. Fotgängare gör dagligen flera val om hur de ska hitta den bästa vägen i sin närmiljö. Att utveckla en navigeringstjänst för gående (PRNS) involverar flera viktiga faktorer. I denna studie analyseras flera befintliga nättjänster och studien visar att geografiska data är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att utveckla egna PRNS. Två olika datamängder för PRNS utvärderades: OpenStreetMap (OSM) och svenska nationella vägdatabasen (NVDB). Efter en första utvärdering av de två datamängderna valdes OSM som visade sig ha flera fördelar för en fotgängares navigering. Implementeringen av en egen navigeringstjänst för gående är avsedd att underlätta utvecklingen av nya PRNS och analysering och jämförelsen av andra befintliga PRNS. pqRouting och PostgreSQL beräknar och samlar in de rutter som ska användas, med hjälp av datamängden som finns i databasen PostGIS. Topologin för nätverket i datamängden är relaterat till avstånden och fotgängaren bestämmer vägvalet. Geografiska informationssystem (GIS) är också en grundläggande faktor som används i den här studien för att analysera resultatet. PRNS implementerades i staden Lund och syftet är att underlätta för fotgängare att navigera i staden. En av begränsningarna vid utvecklandet av PRNS är bristen på dokumentation av vissa nya funktionaliteter i pgRouting. Även om OSM tillhandahåller ett grundläggande nätverk av vägar för utvecklingen av PRNS, så saknas information om vissa bostadsområden, parker och allmänna utrymmen, vilket begränsar PRNS. Sammanfattningsvis så är PRNS ett användbart program för att hjälpa fotgängare att välja väg i staden Lund. Vidare utveckling av PRNS kan exempelvis vara en mobilapplikation. Då måste dock PRNS förbättras och datamängden kräver uppdatering och utveckling för att bli framgångsrik.Internet based applications for finding shortest ways to travel are becoming increasingly popular. However, although there are significant amount of these applications there are still limitations especially for pedestrian. Developing an internet based application service for pedestrian involves several steps. During this study the analysis of several internet based applications service for pedestrian have demonstrated that the geographical data is one of the most important components in order to develop the PRNS. Two different dataset were evaluated OpenStreetMap (OSM) and Swedish national road database (NVDB). The use of the OSM dataset for developing the PRNS was made after the comparison between both the dataset. OSM has shown more advantages in terms of completeness of roads network and ways for pedestrian than NVDB. The OSM dataset was created and stored in a database called PostGIS. The calculation of distances and collection of the shortest ways to be displayed for the user are performed by extended tools and programs within PostGIS such as pgRouting and PostgreSQL respectively. The distance and determination of the shortest ways to walk is based on the structure of the dataset and the user choice. Thus, application such as Geographical Information System (GIS) is also one fundamental component used in this study, for example, to evaluate and create maps for visual analysis. One of the limitations developing the PRNS is the lack of documentation for new functions which are released by developers. Some closed residential areas, parks, and open areas are not included on the network limiting the PRNS application. In conclusion the PRNS is a useful application in order to assist pedestrians on their wayfinding in the city of Lund. It is also intended to help further development of new PRNS such as mobile PRNS applications. However, the PRNS must be improved and the dataset network requires updating and expansion for successful operations of the PRNS applications

Maize tillering, leaf area, and grain productivity under different spatial arrangement

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de variações no arranjo espacial de plantas sobre o perfilhamento, a área foliar e a produtividade do milho. Os experimentos foram implantados na primavera/verão dos anos agrícolas 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro densidades (três, cinco, sete e nove plantas por metro quadrado) e de três espaçamentos entre linhas (0,4, 0,7 e 1,0 m). Foram avaliados o índice de área foliar (IAF) e a produtividade de grãos do híbrido P30F53, além da contribuição dos perfílhos para esses caracteres. Em 2007/2008, não houve deficiência hídrica, o IAF na floração foi superior a 7 e os perfilhos contribuíram com 65% do IAF total, na menor densidade de plantas. Nesse ano, a produtividade de grãos (13,7 Mg ha-1) não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, e os perfilhos contribuíram com 44% da produtividade, na densidade de três plantas por metro quadrado. Em 2008/2009, houve restrição hídrica na pré‑floração e no enchimento de grãos, o que diminuiu o perfilhamento e a contribuição dos perfilhos ao IAF. A produtividade de grãos, nesse ano, aumentou de 9,7 para 11,7 Mg ha-1 com o aumento na densidade de plantas, mas a contribuição dos perfilhos à produtividade foi menor. O perfilhamento aumenta a estabilidade fenotípica da produtividade de grãos frente a variações no arranjo de plantas.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of plant spatial arrangement on maize tillering, leaf area, and grain productivity. The experiments were carried out in the spring/summer of the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons. Treatments consisted of four plant densities (three, five, seven, and nine plants per square meter) and three row spacings (0.4, 0.7, and 1.0 m). The leaf area index (LAI) and grain yield of hybrid P30F53 were assessed, as well as the tiller contribution to these characters. In 2007/2008, there was no water deficit, LAI values were higher than 7, and tillers contributed with 65% of total LAI at the lowest plant density. In this year, grain yield average (13.7 Mg ha-1) was not affected by treatments, and tillers contributed with 44% of total yield at the density of three plants per square meter. In 2008/2009, there was water deficit before flowering and during grain filling, which decreased tillering and tiller contribution to LAI. Grain yield in this year increased from 9.7 to 11.7 Mg ha-1 with increasing plant densities, but tiller contribution to grain yield was lower. Tillering increases phenotypic stability of grain productivity to variations in plant spatial arrangement.

PLANEJAMENTO TRIBUTÁRIO: PROPOSTA PARA UMA EMPRESA DE FORNECIMENTO DE REFEIÇÕES PREPARADAS

One way to reduce the tax expenditures of a company through legal provisions is through tax planning. This study has aimed to carry out tax planning and thus identify the most appropriate regime for a small enterprise located in a city in the north of Paraná, Brazil, whose activity is to provide prepared meals. The research is classified as exploratory, in terms of objectives, and as qualitative, in terms of approach, and it uses the case study in the methodological procedures. With the information from the financial statements provided by the company, a simulation has been performed with the three Brazilian tax regimes, simples nacional, presumptive profit, and taxable profit in order to verify which would be the least onerous regime. The analysis of the taxes complied with the current legislation of the regimes according to the company's branch of activity. The option for the simples nacional resulted in lower taxation, in this way ensuring the potentialization of the company's result and the generation of greater profit. However, an exorbitant difference can be observed in tax expenditures between the different types of taxation, which produce different percentages of profitability. The research has contributed theoretically to the area of ​​Tax Accounting, as it has used, as a sample, a field of activity still little explored in other studies.Uma maneira de reduzir os dispêndios tributários de uma empresa através das disposições legais é por meio do planejamento tributário. O presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar planejamento tributário e assim identificar o regime mais adequado para uma empresa de pequeno porte localizada em uma cidade no norte do Paraná, cuja atividade é de fornecimento de refeições preparadas. A pesquisa classifica-se quanto aos objetivos como exploratória, quanto à abordagem como qualitativa e utiliza o estudo de caso nos procedimentos metodológicos. Por conseguinte, dispondo das informações dos demonstrativos contábeis fornecidas pela empresa, foi executada uma simulação com os três regimes tributários, simples nacional, lucro presumido e lucro real com a finalidade de verificar qual seria o regime menos oneroso. A análise dos tributos obedeceu a legislação vigente dos regimes conforme o ramo de atividade da empresa. A opção pelo simples nacional resultou na menor tributação acarretando a potencialização do resultado da empresa, gerando maior lucro. Contudo, pode-se observar uma diferença exorbitante nos dispêndios tributários entre os diferentes tipos de tributação, produzindo percentuais de lucratividade distintos. A pesquisa contribuiu de maneira teórica para a área de Contabilidade Tributária, pois utilizou como amostra, um ramo de atividade ainda pouco explorado em outros estudos

CRESCIMENTO DO JATOBÁ E DE LEGUMINOSAS ARBÓREAS EM DIFERENTES ESPAÇAMENTOS, EM ÁREA DEGRADADA

The use of pioneer plants, mainly nitrogen-fixing leguminous trees, associated to the secondary and climax species, has been making possible good results in the land reclamation. However, it is important to establish the appropriate spacing among the form species obtaining a fast covering and protection of the soil, without there is strong competition of the plants for light, water and nutrients. So, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth of the Hymenaea courbaril and leguminous trees at, in system quincux, in different spacings. The treatments, in factorial scheme 3 x 3 with three replicates, corresponded to three species of pioneer leguminous trees (Acacia mangium, Senna multijuga and Leucaena leucocephala combined with Hymenaea courbaril) and three spacings among pioneer plants (4 x 2; 4 x 3 and 4 x 4 m). After one and two years of planting determined the height, stem diameter at ground level and crown diameter of pioneer plants and Hymenaea courbaril. Acacia mangium showed growth characteristics superior to those of Senna multijuga and Leucaena leucocephala, however, no influence of spacing between species in relation to these characteristics. The growth characteristics of the Hymenaea courbaril were not influenced by pioneer species associated, however, the denser spacing between the pioneer species favored the greatest increase